![]() ![]() Sequential roles of Cdc42, Par-6, aPKC, and Lgl in the establishment of epithelial polarity during Drosophila embryogenesis. ![]() Hutterer, A., Betschinger, J., Petronczki, M. DmPAR-6 directs epithelial polarity and asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts in Drosophila. Drosophila atypical protein kinase C associates with Bazooka and controls polarity of epithelia and neuroblasts. Kinase-activity-independent functions of atypical protein kinase C in Drosophila. armadillo, bazooka, and stardust are critical for early stages in formation of the zonula adherens and maintenance of the polarized blastoderm epithelium in Drosophila. crumbs and stardust act in a genetic pathway that controls the organization of epithelia in Drosophila melanogaster. ![]() Localization of apical epithelial determinants by the basolateral PDZ protein Scribble. Identification of genes required for cytoplasmic localization in early C. The emergent landscape of the mouse gut endoderm at single-cell resolution. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to better understand the roles of apical–basal polarity in morphogenesis and how defects in polarity contribute to diseases such as cancer. Research has begun to reveal the dynamic interactions between polarity factors and how they contribute to polarity establishment and maintenance. Apical–basal polarity in many cells is established by conserved polarity factors that define the apical (Crumbs, Stardust/PALS1, aPKC, PAR-6 and CDC42), junctional (PAR-3) and lateral (Scribble, DLG, LGL, Yurt and RhoGAP19D) domains, although recent evidence indicates that not all epithelia polarize by the same mechanism. Polarity must also target the secretion of specific cargoes to the apical, lateral or basal membranes and organize the cytoskeleton and internal architecture of the cell. Apical–basal polarity is essential for epithelial cell form and function, as it determines the localization of the adhesion molecules that hold the cells together laterally and the occluding junctions that act as barriers to paracellular diffusion. Epithelial cells are the most common cell type in all animals, forming the sheets and tubes that compose most organs and tissues. ![]()
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